The Mind of Tomorrow: Blurring the Line Between Human and Machine

They say the human brain is the most powerful computer, but what if we could unlock possibilities never considered before? What if the future of human evolution isn't just biological but digital? As technology advances, this reality may be closer than we think.

In 2016, Elon Musk funded the discovery of Neuralink, a brain implant to “achieve symbiosis with artificial intelligence.”¹ The goal was to allow paralyzed patients to control synthetic body parts and computers with their minds.1 The first patient who underwent this procedure, Noland Arbaugh, stated that his quality of life significantly improved after installing his Neuralink.2 He even gained the ability to play a game of chess by being able to “move the mouse around a screen just by thinking.”²,³ He hopes that, in the future, Neuralink will go so far as to enhance cognitive abilities.3 As of January 2025, three people have received Neuralink brain implants, and Musk aims to plant the device in 20-30 more people by the end of the year.⁴

Unlike many other common forms of technological development, Neuralink directly integrates into human physiology.4 However, with higher stakes comes more controversy. A study published in Nature Biotechnology discusses how brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) advance rapidly, enhancing cognitive function and restoring lost abilities.⁵ However, these possibilities also come with potentially destructive consequences. For example, the study also noted that the FBI’s 2023 cyber-threat bulletin warned that as BCIs become more widespread, the risk of ‘neurohacking’—where hackers manipulate brain signals—will increase.⁵ Neurohackers may be able to hack into someone’s body, causing them to perform tasks they wouldn’t usually do. This way, neurohacking could be a replacement way to facilitate serious crimes like murder. The possibility of the human mind being attacked could pose a serious issue with expansions in Neuralink and Musk’s ultimate goal.

Several sources go so far as to call Noland Arbaugh a “cyborg.” In 1960, Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline coined the term “cyborg” as “a portmanteau of cybernetics and organism.”⁶(p139) But why should cyborgs be a concern in the first place?5 Science fiction movies have provided a few answers to this question. For example, numerous privacy concerns are raised, such as unauthorized tracking, data breaches, and the potential for governments or corporations to monitor and control individuals without their consent.6

This isn’t to say that the rise of cyborgs will lead to the dystopia commonly portrayed in Hollywood. Cyborgs are the inevitable future of society—some argue they already exist, and with the recent focus on the intersection between medicine and technology, the line between human and machine will only become less clear. Although many people have different views on cyborgs, the goal of each generation is not to escape technological innovation but to harness the potential of advancements to create a more advanced society.

As we are on the verge of a new era, the challenge lies in embracing progress rather than resisting it. As long as advancements such as Neuralink are guided by both advancement and ethics, they will enhance rather than diminish humanity. In the race toward brain-machine symbiosis, we must ask: will we control the technology, or will the technology control us?

References

1. Kulshreshth A, Singh V, Sharma YK, Sharma K. Neuralink- an Elon Musk start-up achieve symbiosis with artificial intelligence. Presented at: 2019 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS); October 2019. doi:10.1109/icccis48478.2019.8974470

2. Hart R. Elon Musk says Neuralink’s first brain chip patient can control computer mouse by thought.7 Forbes. Published February 20, 2024. Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2024/02/20/elon-musk-says-neuralinks-first-brain-chip-patient-can-control-computer-mouse-by-thought/

3. Brain chip patient plays online chess with his thoughts. Reuters. Published March 21, 2024. Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/neuralink-shows-first-brain-chip-patient-playing-online-chess-2024-mar-21/

4. Neuralink aims to implant up to 30 brain chips in 2025.8 Observer. Published January 13, 2025. Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.observer.com/2025/01/elon-musk-neuralink-30-brain-implants-2025/

5. Stavisky SD, Kao JC, Nuyujukian P, Ryu SI, Shenoy KV. Plug-and-play control of a brain–computer interface through neural manifold discovery. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(5):544-551. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0434-0

6. Sayem ASM. Digital fashion innovations for the real world and metaverse. Int J Fash Des Technol Educ. 2022;15(2):139-141. doi:10.1080/17543266.2022.2071139

The Double-Edged Nature of Prions

One of the most gut-wrenching yet addictingly intriguing games I played growing up was Mafia. Sitting around a circle, discussing and debating the culprit…only for it to be the one person you thought was the healer!

The stealth and deception involved across the game reflect much more. Within our bodies, we see this play at a much larger scale across the immune system, manifesting as fevers, allergies, and other diseases. One prominent disease that often slips past our immune defenders, however, is prions. Our most secretive yet deadly macromolecules, prions, have the potential for immense harm but also surprising benefit.

But what exactly are they? Prions are a series of proteins that have become misfolded in a way that allows them to self-replicate, becoming independent of the cells in which they reside. They can be classified into three forms: prion proteins, responsible for forming prions, transcellular prionoids, misfolded proteins that aggregate through cell-cell interactions, and quasi-prions, anomalies in between prions and transcellular prionoids¹. Unlike viruses, bacteria, or even cells, prions are devoid of genetic material within their structure, with a mechanism of replication that varies based on how they have been misfolded. For instance, research on prions within the brain has shown that changes in electric charge may cause prion fibril elongation, leading the proteins to propagate and aggregate².

This aggregation mechanism often goes unnoticed by the immune system. As a biologically derived molecule, the prions are not viewed as foreign or antigenic by most immune cells. The most deadly is the neurodegenerative Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), caused by overproduction of the prion protein, encompassing 85% of prion-disease forms in humans³. Variants of CJD spread dramatically due to mutation heritability and exposure to diseased tissue. In 1986, mad cow disease, a CJD that originated in cattle, spread to humans that ingested the meat, and was only controlled once infected herds were no longer consumed⁴. At a molecular level, it appeared that the abnormal prions in cattle were somehow modifying human prion development, indicating conserved mechanisms across species.

Prion disease manifestation can vary from person to person. CJD, for example, exhibits symptoms similar to many prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, making it hard to trace. Causing severe symptoms from confusion and dementia or hallucinations, the severe ailments that follow CJD still have very few treatment options⁵. Recent efforts have utilized a biotechnological approach to treating the disease, using tools such as gene editing with CRISPR-based tools, synthetic molecules and antibodies, and disinfectants⁶.

Like all biological phenomena, prions may have evolved to have unexpected positive effects. Due to their heritable nature, prions have the potential to pass on beneficial traits. A 2016 study at Stanford University found 46 prions in yeast cells that could improve the cell’s resistance to antifungals and heat⁷. With looser formations than their disease-causing counterparts, as well as a better affinity to DNA, these prions are more adaptable, ensuring better fitness of the cells containing these prions. Others like the CPEB prion-like proteins in the common fruit fly, Drosophila, have also shown potential to improve memory⁸.

For now, the legacy of prions in humans remains bleak. But could there be benefits to their existence? And, if we understand more prion-growth mechanisms, we might just alter our fundamental understanding of biology. This game of Mafia has just begun!

References

1. Harbi D, Harrison PM. ­Classifying prion and prion-like phenomena. Prion. 2014;8(2):161-165. doi:10.4161/pri.27960

2. UCL. Study reveals new detail on how prions replicate in neuronal cells. Brain Sciences. December 20, 2023. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/news/2023/dec/study-reveals-new-detail-how-prions-replicate-neuronal-cells

3. Ritchie DL, Peden AH, Barria MA. Variant CJD: Reflections a Quarter of a Century on. Pathogens. 2021;10(11):1413. doi:10.3390/pathogens10111413

4. CDC. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). May 10, 2024. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/mad-cow/php/animal-health/index.html

5. Prion Diseases. February 28, 2025. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/prion-diseases

6. Therapeutic Approaches for Prion Diseases | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. October 21, 2019. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/prion-therapeutic-approaches

7. Prions can pass on beneficial traits, study finds. News Center. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/10/prions-can-pass-on-beneficial-traits-study-finds.html

8.Prions: What Are They Good For? | Annual Reviews. Accessed March 3, 2025. https://www-annualreviews-org.ezproxy.rice.edu/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013409#right-ref-B101

Crisis in Health: The Opioid Epidemic

Public health is a multifaceted, constantly changing field that deals with community health. Ranging from pandemics and diseases, to mental health and healthcare disparities, the field is built around supporting communities during times of crisis.¹ Characterized as a drug crisis that has swept the nation since the 1990s (through the increase accessibility of and addiction to Opioids), the Opioid Epidemic is well known throughout public health for its persistence and devastating impact on communities across the United States.

But what exactly are opioids? Classified as synthetic and semisynthetic,² opioids encompass a broad category of drugs that target pain receptors in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) to dull/dampen pain perception. While highly effective, these drugs have extremely addictive properties as they directly affect the brain’s “reward center”, releasing powerful neurotransmitters like endorphins and dopamine. This causes opioid users to experience a sense of elation and euphoria, which, upon the opioids wearing off, causes a “crash” with the decrease in neurotransmitters released.³ Opioids include legal prescription drugs like hydrocodone, oxycodone, fentanyl, and codeine, and illegal drugs like heroin.⁴

The Opioid Epidemic is characterized by 4 main “waves”. The first wave started in the 1990s as a result of increased marketing by pharmaceutical companies on the effectiveness of opioids for pain management. This led to an increased prescription of and subsequent overdependence on opioids, which had devastating effects on thousands of people, families, and communities.⁵ Over the next decade, a rise in opioid addiction led to overuse, misuse, abuse, and overdose deaths. From 1999 to 2010, sales of prescription opioid drugs quadrupled while the rate of overdoses more than doubled from 2.9 to 6.8 deaths per 100,000 people.⁶

The second wave (2002-2013) was characterized by a rapidly expanding illegal drug market, which had a high demand for heroin. As production increased and price decreased, heroin began to be more widely accessible. Those already addicted to opioids were quick to transition to heroin and other highly addictive, illegal drugs. Heroin overdose deaths nearly quadrupled from 0.7 to 2.7 deaths per 100,000 people from 2002 to 2013.⁷

What makes this drug epidemic, in particular, so dangerous is how the waves connect and overlap. Since 2013, the third wave, a result of increased Fentanyl production, has exacerbated opioid effects. Fentanyl’s easy manufacturing and low production costs, in conjunction with its highly addictive, yet fatal nature, make it appealing to the illicit drug market. It is used as a cutting agent within the industry, augmenting other drugs’s quantity and potency.⁸ As a result of boosting the addictive properties of drugs cut with fentanyl, illegal market profits skyrocketed.⁹ From 2019 to 2022, there were approximately 73,000 deaths caused by fentanyl-related drug overdoses, a testament to the dangers of this drug when used in the illicit drug market.¹⁰

The most recent wave of the Opioid Epidemic, the fourth wave (2020-current), is based on the high mortality rate associated with methamphetamines and cocaine combined with opioids.¹¹ This wave is especially dominant in rural communities or those previously untouched by the epidemic, where overdoses have been increasing at an alarming rate akin to that of urban communities.¹² This is due to rural communities often having less access to healthcare because of their geographic distances from medical services, low population densities, and fewer healthcare providers (as seen by the doctor shortage throughout the US).¹³

With each wave characterized by an unprecedented number of deaths, and a rapidly increasing population affected by addiction and opioid abuse, the Opioid Epidemic is considered to be the worst drug epidemic in history and massive failure of US public health regulation. Profit-driven pharmaceutical companies pushed highly addictive drugs (opioids) without proper investigatory measures by US regulatory institutions (i.e. the US Food and Drug Administration). However, while the epidemic rages on, healthcare efforts in the US are focused on spreading awareness about the dangers of opioids and addiction management. Prevention and mitigation efforts, funded through congress legislation, have enabled the development of powerful new tools and strategies to actively save lives. For example, Congress has passed legislation providing over $1 billion dollars annually to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration for a new State Opioid Response grant program, with additional funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Health Resources and Services Administration.⁶ Harm reduction programs (such as needle-exchanges) help minimize the spread of harmful, contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS.¹⁴ Additionally, public health approaches work towards making Narcan (an opioid overdose preventing nasal spray) more readily available to help save lives.¹⁵

Though the Opioid Epidemic continues to claim lives, decimating families and communities, public health initiatives have made significant strides in reducing overdose deaths, with reports indicating a 14.5% decrease in opioid-related deaths since 2023.¹⁶ As the US works towards implementing new and innovative opioid-safety measures, we may just be on the cusp of turning the tide for this drug crisis.

References

1. What is public health? American Public Health Association - For science. For action. For health. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health

2. Opioids. National Institutes of Health. December 3, 2024. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/opioids

3. Am I at risk of opioid addiction? Mayo Clinic. July 20, 2024. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prescription-drug-abuse/in-depth/how-opioid-addiction-occurs/art-20360372

4. Opioids. Johns Hopkins Medicine. May 11, 2023. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/opioids

5. Writer B, By, Writer S. What led to the opioid crisis-and how to fix it. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. November 22, 2024. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/what-led-to-the-opioid-crisis-and-how-to-fix-it/

6. The Opioid Crisis in the United States: A Brief History. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12260

7. Vital signs: Demographic and substance use trends among heroin users - United States, 2002–2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6426a3.htm

8. Drugs and Fentanyl Awareness | Fremont Police Department, CA. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.fremontpolice.gov/crime-prevention/drugs-and-fentanyl-awareness

9. Understanding heroin cutting agents - the recovery village Palm Beach at Baptist. The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health. February 7, 2025. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.floridarehab.com/drugs/heroin/heroin-cutting-agents/

10. Drug overdose deaths: Facts and figures. National Institutes of Health. September 30, 2024. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates#Fig8

11. Ciccarone D. The Rise of Illicit Fentanyl, Stimulants and the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Overdose Crisis. Current opinion in psychiatry. July 1, 2021. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8154745/#:~:text=A%20’fourth%20wave’%20of%20high,with%20the%20ongoing%20opioid%20epidemic

12. Coming wave of opioid overdoses “will be worse than ever been before.” News Center. August 29, 2022. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2022/08/25/coming-wave-of-opioid-overdoses-will-be-worse-than-ever-been-before/

13. Jenkins R, Ciccarone D, McMahan VM, et al. The fourth wave of the US opioid epidemic and its implications for the rural us: A federal perspective. Preventive Medicine. August 28, 2021. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743521001250

14. Syringe Services Programs: A Naco opioid solutions strategy brief. National Association of Counties. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.naco.org/resource/syringe-services-programs-naco-opioid-solutions-strategy-brief

15. Opioid overdose reversal medications - OORM. SAMHSA. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/treatment/overdose-prevention/opioid-overdose-reversal

16. Overdose Deaths Decline, Fentanyl Threat Looms. DEA. Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2024/12/16/overdose-deaths-decline-fentanyl-threat-looms

Ultra-Processed Foods and Health: What Happens When You Cut Them Out?

When we first think of bacteria, we may usually think about the harmful strands and the infections they cause. However, what if I said that some bacteria are actually helpful? In fact, we have over a thousand different species of bacteria in our gut which serve a vital role in ensuring our well being¹. For instance, Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is a common bacteria that protects our gut from harmful pathogenic microorganisms, aids in lactose digestion, produces vitamins, and contains several anti-inflammatory properties². If L. reuteri alone plays these roles in maintaining our wellbeing, just imagine the effect of a thousand different bacterial species acting in our gut! However, to see these health benefits, we have to sustain our gut microbiota – something that is becoming increasingly difficult in a society where ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are consumed daily. But what exactly are UPFs and how do they hinder our gut microbiota?

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that have been heavily refined, infused with various additives, and contain high amounts of fats, sugars, and salts³. As delicious as these foods may be, they are lacking in essential nutrients and fiber, and constant consumption has negative effects on our well being tied to disruptions to gut microbiota³. Our gut bacteria are highly dependent on the diet we sustain. A healthy diet means our gut bacteria are supplied with essential nutrients to keep them thriving; however, UPFs lack the necessary nutrients to help our microbiota grow⁴. As mentioned before, these foods are high in additives and fat, which means our gut bacteria are not being properly nourished. As a result, there is a reduction in microbiota diversity.

With a decrease in essential gut bacteria, our intestines are more susceptible to harmful pathogens and inflammation⁵. Studies have shown that excess consumption of UPFs have led to several health disorders, among which includes Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), anxiety and depression³. Additionally, excess consumption of UPFs and their high fat content have been linked to a number of brain disorders³. This is because the hippocampus, a region of the brain responsible for memory and learning, is vulnerable to excess saturated fat, and damage to the hippocampus can result in decreased cognitive function and neuroinflammation⁶. On the other hand, the high added sugar content in UPFs can accumulate as fat in our tissues and lead to disorders such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease⁶.

Ultra-processed foods, gut microbiota, and overall human wellbeing are all linked together. Our gut bacteria is essential in protecting our body from harmful pathogens and supplies our body with essential nutrients, but the overconsumption of UPFs kills these bacteria and leads to health complications. In order to ensure we take care of our bodies, it is important to be kind to our gut and cognizant of the food we consume.

References

1. Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB. Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(4):7493-7519. doi:10.3390/ijms16047493

2. Mu Q, Tavella VJ, Luo XM. Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:757. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00757

3. Song Z, Song R, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang X. Effects of ultra-processed foods on the microbiota-gut-brain axis: The bread-and-butter issue.

4. Shi Z. Gut Microbiota: An Important Link between Western Diet and Chronic Diseases. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2287. doi:10.3390/nu11102287

5. Cuevas-Sierra A, Milagro FI, Aranaz P, Martínez JA, Riezu-Boj JI. Gut Microbiota Differences According to Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in a Spanish Population. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2710. doi:10.3390/nu13082710

6. Martínez Leo EE, Segura Campos MR. Effect of ultra-processed diet on gut microbiota and thus its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrition. 2020;71:110609. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.110609

From Lizards to Mammals: Unraveling the Science Behind Cell Regeneration

Have you ever seen a lizard regrow its tail? What if people had this ability to regrow a lost limb or organ? In the animal kingdom, anamniotes—fish and amphibians that lay eggs in aquatic environments—such as salamanders and zebrafish, have extensive regenerative properties. The axolotl is the first model for regenerative studies and has been studied since the 1860s for its ability to restore limbs, tails, eyes, and hearts [1]. Zebrafish are even capable of regenerating their brains. Lizards, on the other hand, are part of a vertebrate group known as amniotes. Amniotes include reptiles, birds, and mammals that reproduce on dryland. Surprisingly, lizards are the only amniotes capable of cell regeneration and are the closest relatives of humans that can regrow tissue [5]. They regrow their tails through autonomy, an anti-predation strategy that utilizes cell regeneration to restore damaged and lost tissue [2]. Understanding this regenerative process could be essential for regenerative medicine and treating neurological disorders.

How is regeneration possible? Neurogenesis is a process integral to tail regeneration. Neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the adult brain to add to or replace neurons in pre-existing circuits [3]. It occurs in the telencephalon, the part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions such as thinking, memory, and processing sensory information. Adult neurogenesis occurs in all vertebrate groups, including humans, but has more extensive effects in non-mammalian groups [3]. For example, neurogenesis in lizards produces more neurons and impacts more parts of the brain. In mammals, it is restricted to olfactory bulbs and the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the regions of the brain responsible for sense of smell and processing sensory information. This limitation means that while neurons are replaced in these areas, other parts of the brain are still susceptible to damage and deterioration.

Current hypotheses suggest that regeneration is a trait that occurred early in evolution, as it is most commonly found in lower-level organisms. Higher-level organisms, like humans and other mammals, evolved to have more robust immune systems with defensive macrophages— white blood cells responsible for detecting and breaking down viruses and bacteria—at the expense of regenerative capabilities [1]. These strong immune systems dispose of viral and bacterial tissue, whereas lizards and anamniotes rely on non-immune mechanisms to avoid infection [5]. Baffling to researchers, although macrophages regulate the regeneration process, macrophage depletion in salamanders and zebrafish leads to delayed or altogether halted regeneration [5].

Harnessing this ability in humans would revolutionize research and healthcare. Researchers are working to leverage the unique regenerative capabilities of lizards as a model to transform the field of regenerative medicine. They use the lizard model to reprogram somatic cells—cells found in mammals that repair or replace damaged or aging tissue—toward a multipotent state, in which they become specialized for various tissues and functions [1]. This would mean that, on a small scale, humans could restore damaged or lost tissue. Advancements in studying neurogenesis could significantly impact regenerative medicine, neuroscience, and the treatment of neurological disorders. This progress would revolutionize the future of medicine, changing the landscape for disease and disorder treatment.

References

Daponte, V., Tylzanowski, P., & Forlino, A. (2021). Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates: What Makes This Possible? Cells, 10(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020242. Most helpful connection to biomedicine.

Donato, S. V., & Vickaryous, M. K. (2022). Radial Glia and Neuronal-like Ependymal Cells Are Present within the Spinal Cord of the Trunk (Body) in the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Journal of Developmental Biology, 10(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jdb10020021

González-Granero, S., Font, E., Desfilis, E., Herranz-Pérez, V., & José Manuel García‐Verdugo. (2023). Adult neurogenesis in the telencephalon of the lizard Podarcis liolepis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1125999

Hye Ryeong Kim, Choi, H., Soon Yong Park, Song, Y., Kim, J.-H., Shim, S.-I., Jun, W., Kim, K., Han, J., Chi, S., Sun‐Hee Leem, & Jin Woong Chung. (2022). Endoplasmin regulates differentiation of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes through ERK signaling. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 55(5), 226–231. https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.5.173

Londono, R., Tighe, S., Milnes, B., DeMoya, C., Quijano, L. M., Hudnall, M. L., Nguyen, J., Tran, E., Badylak, S., & Lozito, T. P. (2020). Single cell sequencing analysis of lizard phagocytic cell populations and their role in tail regeneration. Journal of Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, 8, 100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regen.2020.100029